Kepa Ruiz Mirazo "Defining Life : Why, How and What for?"
1961年： Oparin
"Only possible in the light of a knowledge of its origin & evolution"
2002年： Cleland & Chyba
general theory が出なければ先に進まない。definition から theory に行くことも origin に行くこともできる。
2004年： Ruiz Mirazo "requirement for good definition" を示す
1982, Mayr
1991, de Duve
2002, Koshland
1990, Shapiro & Feinberg; good but not satisfactory
1998, Emmeche; good but not satisfactory
1973, Maturana & Valera
Standard:
1970, Sagan "system capable of evolution by selection"
1994, Joyce
"self-sustained chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution"
1998, Luisi; criticism
1982, Mayr
1986, Maynard-Smith
"Life vs Living system"
individual/organism/metabolism
collective/polulation-ecology/historical
"absolute or actual" or "potential" life criteria (Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 34:323-46, 2004)
living system = any autonomous system with open-ended evolution capacities
must include:
1) membrane; semi-permeable active boundary
2) energy transduction/ conversion apparatus; chemical/chemiosmotic energy
3) catalysts, records; two types of interdependent macromolecular systems
Ruiz-Mirazo (Biol Philo 23: 67-85, 2007)
autonomy -- function
open-ended evolution --- information
naturalization of Shannon & Weaver conception of information
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